Georgian Wineofficial
Record revenues from wine and spirits exports
Official 2024 export results for Georgian wine and spirits, including volume, revenue, and destination-country growth.
National Wine Agency of Georgia. (2025, January 20). Record revenues from wine and spirits exports. https://wine.gov.ge/En/News/38181
Why it matters: Provides the export-exposure baseline used to justify why counterfeit risk and verification matter at border and distributor level.
Georgian Wineofficial
The 8,000-year-old uninterrupted tradition of wine production in Georgia
National Wine Agency background on Georgia's long viticulture history and its large base of indigenous grape varieties.
National Wine Agency of Georgia. (2023, June 6). The 8,000-year-old uninterrupted tradition of wine production in Georgia. https://wine.gov.ge/En/News/37074
Why it matters: Supports the paper's cultural and biodiversity rationale for starting the provenance pilot in Georgia.
Georgian Wineofficial
Traditional Georgian winemaking method in qvevri
UNESCO recognition of qvevri winemaking as an element of intangible cultural heritage.
UNESCO. (2013). Decision of the Intergovernmental Committee: Traditional Georgian winemaking method in qvevri. https://ich.unesco.org/en/decisions/8.COM/8.13
Why it matters: Anchors the whitepaper's claim that Georgian wine identity is not only commercial but also cultural and institutional.
Anti-Counterfeit and GIofficial
Counterfeit wine labeled with appellation of origin 'Kindzmarauli' revealed in Russia
Cross-border enforcement case involving counterfeit bottles using a protected Georgian appellation.
National Intellectual Property Center of Georgia (Sakpatenti). (2018, August 9). Counterfeit wine labeled with appellation of origin 'Kindzmarauli' revealed in Russia. https://www.sakpatenti.gov.ge/en/news/5309/
Why it matters: Shows that Georgian wine counterfeiting is documented and enforceable, not a hypothetical future risk.
Anti-Counterfeit and GIofficial
Counterfeit Georgian wine batch removed from sale in Ukraine
Official notice that counterfeit Georgian wine was identified and removed from the Ukrainian market.
National Wine Agency of Georgia. (2018, December 31). Counterfeit Georgian wine batch removed from sale in Ukraine. https://wine.gov.ge/En/News/25735
Why it matters: Supports the paper's argument that verification has to work across jurisdictions and import markets.
Anti-Counterfeit and GIofficial
Law of Georgia on appellations of origin and geographical indications of goods
The Georgian legal framework governing appellations of origin and geographical indications.
World Intellectual Property Organization. (1999). Law of Georgia on appellations of origin and geographical indications of goods. WIPO Lex. https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text/217274
Why it matters: Establishes that Terroir complements an existing GI regime rather than replacing it with a technical system.
Anti-Counterfeit and GIofficial
Georgia strengthens the protection of its geographical indications
WIPO coverage of Georgia's continuing international GI protection posture.
World Intellectual Property Organization. (2025, February 25). Georgia strengthens the protection of its geographical indications. https://www.wipo.int/web/wipo-magazine/articles/georgia-strengthens-the-protection-of-its-geographical-indications-67406
Why it matters: Shows institutional momentum around origin protection and strengthens the case for digital enforcement accelerators.
Anti-Counterfeit and GIreport
Global trade in fakes: A worrying threat
OECD synthesis of the scale, channels, and enforcement implications of counterfeit trade.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2022). Global trade in fakes: A worrying threat. OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/global-trade-in-fakes-a-worrying-threat_74c81154-en.html
Why it matters: Provides the macro-level trade context for why authenticity infrastructure has real economic value.
Anti-Counterfeit and GIreport
Mapping global trade in fakes 2025: Global trends and enforcement challenges
Joint OECD and EUIPO report on counterfeit flows, market trends, and enforcement conditions.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, & European Union Intellectual Property Office. (2025). Mapping global trade in fakes 2025: Global trends and enforcement challenges. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/94d3b29f-en
Why it matters: Supports the whitepaper's claim that counterfeit risk is structurally cross-border and increasingly sophisticated.
Georgian Wineofficial
Annual report 2020
National Wine Agency report covering vintage accounting, quality-control reforms, and lab methods used to detect falsification.
National Wine Agency of Georgia. (2020). Annual report 2020. https://wine.gov.ge/En/Files/Download/12996
Why it matters: Provides direct evidence that Terroir can align with existing transparency and lab-control workflows instead of inventing a parallel bureaucracy.
Climate Resilienceofficial
More than 5,800 vineyard owners received state assistance after hail damage in Kakheti
Official account of one-time aid distributed to vineyard owners after September 2023 hail events in Kakheti.
Ministry of Environmental Protection and Agriculture of Georgia. (2023, November 17). More than 5,800 vineyard owners received state assistance after hail damage in Kakheti. https://mepa.gov.ge/Ge/News/Details/21399
Why it matters: Establishes the concrete climate-shock response case that the upcoming Shield module is designed to improve.
Climate Resilienceofficial
Agroinsurance
Program page describing Georgia's subsidized agricultural insurance framework, including coverage areas and co-financing.
Rural Development Agency. (2025). Agroinsurance. https://www.rda.gov.ge/en/projects/Agroinsurance
Why it matters: Shows that Georgia already has a policy and operational substrate for risk-transfer collaboration, making Shield more realistic as a next module.
Climate Resiliencereport
Index insurance for agricultural resilience: Promises, challenges and solutions
World Bank synthesis on why index-based and parametric mechanisms help, where they fail, and how basis risk should be treated.
World Bank. (2022). Index insurance for agricultural resilience: Promises, challenges and solutions. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/1be2d7c8-9b22-5753-bf07-4a0df44bc09d
Open sourceCited in: Problem, Overview, Shield, Conclusion Why it matters: Provides the conceptual backbone for the Shield trigger, payout, and basis-risk sections.
Climate Resiliencereport
Is index insurance a viable solution for disaster risk financing in agriculture?
World Bank note on operational design, index quality, and implementation limits of agricultural index insurance.
World Bank. (2019). Is index insurance a viable solution for disaster risk financing in agriculture? https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/e6cc66f4-a4b3-5355-bded-ef17f4f9d4b3
Why it matters: Supports the decision to frame Shield first as an auditable relief and resilience layer rather than a fully regulated insurance product.
Climate Resiliencepaper
Climate resilience pathways for European wine regions
Peer-reviewed assessment of climate risk and adaptation pathways across wine-producing regions.
Moriondo, M., Ferrise, R., Dibari, C., and colleagues. (2024). Climate resilience pathways for European wine regions. Nature Food, 5, 551-562. https://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-024-00988-w
Why it matters: Gives scientific grounding to the whitepaper's claim that resilience data belongs alongside provenance data in vineyard-adjacent infrastructure.
Provenance and Traceabilitypaper
Blockchain technology for sustainable supply chain management
Systematic review of blockchain architectures, benefits, and implementation pitfalls in supply-chain settings.
Paliwal, V., Chandra, S., & Sharma, S. (2021). Blockchain technology for sustainable supply chain management: A systematic literature review and a classification framework. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 109, 637-660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.08.012
Why it matters: Supports the paper's selective, minimal on-chain strategy instead of a maximalist blockchain narrative.
Provenance and Traceabilitypaper
Do farmers participate in traceability systems? A systematic review and future directions
Systematic review focused on farmer adoption incentives, frictions, and governance conditions in traceability systems.
Banstola, A., Ghimeray, A. K., & Ahmad, T. (2025). Do farmers participate in traceability systems? A systematic review and future directions. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 105(4), 2036-2049. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joss.70034
Open sourceCited in: Overview, Trace, Threats, Conclusion Why it matters: Supports the paper's operational requirement that Trace remain batch-first, low-friction, and aligned to existing workflows.
Digital Public Goodspolicy
DPG Standard
The standard used to assess whether a project qualifies as a digital public good.
Digital Public Goods Alliance. (2025). DPG Standard. https://www.digitalpublicgoods.net/standard/
Open sourceCited in: Overview, Architecture, Governance, Rollout, Conclusion Why it matters: Gives a concrete governance target for Terroir as open infrastructure rather than a closed vendor product.
Digital Public Goodsreport
Default to open
UNDP publication arguing for open digital systems, reusable infrastructure, and public-interest software.
United Nations Development Programme. (2024). Default to open. https://www.undp.org/publications/default-open
Why it matters: Supports the whitepaper's insistence that trust infrastructure should remain forkable, inspectable, and reusable.
Funding and Safeguardspolicy
Venture Fund
Official UNICEF innovation funding surface describing equity-free support for open-source and frontier-technology ventures.
UNICEF Office of Innovation. (2026). Venture Fund. https://www.unicefinnovationfund.org/
Why it matters: Supports the paper's funder-facing positioning and explains why open-source infrastructure language matters.
Funding and Safeguardspolicy
Gift acceptance policy
Policy page describing sensitive and excluded funding relationships, including alcohol-company restrictions.
UNICEF USA. (2026). Gift acceptance policy. https://www.unicefusa.org/about/finances-and-accountability/gift-acceptance-policy
Why it matters: Explains why the paper frames Terroir as rural livelihoods and resilience infrastructure, not alcohol promotion.